9^th International Conference on Neonatology and Perinatology November 28-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain

Premature babies are the ones who are born before the 37th week of gestation. Premature babies experience many complications which can be short-term or long-term complication. The earlier the baby is born the many are the risk of complications. These complications can be treated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Some of the major premature complications include immature lungs, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Nutrition plays and important factor especially in the first couple weeks of life. Breast Feeding has important ingredients that build the baby’s immune system.  Neonatal nutrition is important for the growth and development of the newborn babies. In general, babies should be atleast 4 pounds before they are ready to come out of the incubator.

Neonatal infection is the study of various infections that cause illness to the new born babies. Neonatal sepsis is the most commonly seen infections in the new born babies. Neonates who are ill, especially those with risk factors should be considered. Some of the neonatal infections are congenital rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis growth restriction, deafness, microcephaly, anomalies, hepatosplenomegaly, or neurologic abnormalities.

Neonatal surgery is the sub-specialty of pediatric surgery that includes the surgical care of newborn infants especially new born who are ill. Neonatal surgeons are the ones who perform surgeries including chest, abdominal and urological defects. Neonatal surgery includes the treatment of infants in the first 28 days of birth

As neonatal medicine has become an important research, it is important to discuss the ethical issues involved for the betterment of a new born baby’s health. Learning more about the ethical, legal and social issues on giving intensive care to babies born before 26 weeks helps to improve the neonatal medicine and care.

New-born babies are able to follow a light with their eyes and turn toward lights. They are very near-sighted at first, and they can focus best on things that are within 25 cm (10 inches) of their faces. Their vision improves over the first three months. In time, his ability to focus will improve and he will see as well as the rest of us.

There are a few things that you might be concerned about, with regard to your new-born baby’s eyes:uncoordinated eyes, crossed eyes, and teary eyes.

Eye problems in babies may be congenital (usually genetic or through intrauterine insult) or acquired after birth. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential, in order to avoid lifelong visual impairment. The eyes should be examined at the first neonatal check, when babies should be examined for structural abnormalities such as cataract, corneal opacity, ptosis and retinoblastoma, again at the six-week check, and at every well-child screening visit. Any child with an ocular abnormality should be referred to an ophthalmologist specialising in paediatric patients.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.

The central nervous system of a growing foetus starts with a simple structure called the ‘neural groove’ that folds in to form the ‘neural tube’. This then develops into the spinal cord and brain. By day 28 after conception, the neural tube should be closed and fused. If it doesn’t close, the result is a neural tube defect. 
In many cases, these defects can be diagnosed during pregnancy with ultrasound scans and, rarely, with other tests such as amniocentesis (analysing a sample of amniotic fluid).

Respiratory distress in the neonate most commonly presents as one or all of the following physical signs: tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, and cyanosis. A normal respiratory rate in a new-born is between 30 and 60 breaths/min; tachypnea is classified as respiratory rates greater than 60 breaths/min. 

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a problem often seen in premature babies. The condition makes it hard for the baby to breathe. The disease is mainly caused by a lack of a slippery substance in the lungs called surfactant. This substance helps the lungs fill with air and keeps the air sacs from deflating.Surfactant is present when the lungs are fully developed.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a very common problem in the neonatal intensive care unit. The new-born kidney has a very low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that is maintained by a delicate balance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilatory forces. Although sufficient for growth and development under normal conditions, the low GFR of the new-born kidney limits postnatal renal functional adaptation to endogenous and exogenous stresses. This limited response predisposes the new-born to the development of ARF and is even more pronounced in the low birth weight infant (ie, <2,500 g due to preterm birth or intrauterine growth restriction). Given this predisposition, early identification of ARF in the neonate is essential to preserving renal function.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder in new-borns. Critical CHD, defined as requiring surgery or catheter-based intervention in the first year of life, occurs in approximately 25% of those with CHD. Although many new-borns with critical CHD are symptomatic and identified soon after birth, others are not diagnosed until after discharge from the birth hospitalization . In infants with critical cardiac lesions, the risk of morbidity and mortality increases when there is a delay in diagnosis and timely referral to a tertiary center with expertise in treating these patients.

Obstetricians play a major role to minimise the number of neonatal disorders. Prematurity, respiratory dysfunction, birth trauma, congenital malformations, neonatal infection and haemolytic disorders of the new-born and Some common neonatal disorders include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and neonatal jaundice.SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants who are one month to one year old are some examples of neonatal disorders commonly encountered.

Neonatal skin is structurally unique. Dermatological diseases in neonates are commonly benign and self limiting, but they may also herald underlying systemic disease and can be life threatening. Transient neonatal pustular melanosis is a benign, idiopathic skin condition characterized by vesicles, superficial pustules, and pigmentedmacules. The overall incidence is 2.2%, equally divided between sexes, with rates of 0.6% in white and 4.4% in black infants. Skin conditions are seen frequently throughout childhood, from infancy through adolescence. There are many causes, including infection and inflammation. Rashes, birthmarks, and other skin conditions are encountered frequently in infancy. Most new-born rashes are benign and require no treatment.